We use electrophysiology, optogenetics and imaging to study cells, synapses and circuits.

Circuit dissection

• Transgenics to label pyramidal cells and interneurons
• Anterograde and retrograde virus anatomy
• Confocal imaging of cells and connections
• Whole-brain imaging of broader circuits​

Cre-dependent RV tracing

Slice physiology

• Whole-cell recordings from identified neurons
• Optogenetics to examine specific connections
• 2-photon imaging to explore dendrites and spines
• 2-photon resonant scanning to study circuit dynamics

Whole-cell recording

In vivo physiology

• Photometry to examine population dynamics
• ​1-photon imaging in freely moving preps
• 2-photon imaging in head-fixed preps
• Multi-unit recordings (neuronexus and neuropixels)

In vivo Ca2+ imaging

Behavior

• Drug-evoked sensitization and place preference
• Threat-evoked freezing and place aversion
• In vivo optogenetics with conditioning and operant tasks
• In vivo pharmacogenetics to ​interrogate specific circuits

Real-time conditioned place preference (CPP)