We use electrophysiology, optogenetics and imaging to study cells, synapses and circuits.

Circuit dissection

• Transgenics to label pyramidal cells and interneurons
• Anterograde and retrograde virus anatomy
• Confocal imaging of cells and connections
• Whole-brain imaging of broader circuits​

Cre-dependent RV tracing

Slice recordings

• Whole-cell recordings from identified neurons
• Optogenetics to examine specific connections
• 2-photon imaging to explore dendrites and spines
• 2-photon resonant scanning to study circuit dynamics

Whole-cell recording

In vivo recordings

• Cell-type specific Ca2+ and modulator sensors 
• Photometry to examine population dynamics
• 2-photon imaging in head-fixed preparationss
• Multi-unit recordings (Neuropixels)

In vivo Ca2+ imaging

Behavioral assays

• Drug-evoked sensitization and place preference
• Threat-evoked freezing and place aversion
• In vivo optogenetics with conditioning and operant tasks​
• Combined with in vivo measurements listed above

Real-time conditioned place preference (CPP)